| Surname |
FTDNA
Kit # |
Ysearch
User ID |
Most
Downstream
Positive
SNP
Actually
Tested |
Haplotype
as determined by STR testing |
Known
Lineage |
| Standard FTDNA
Markers |
Advanced Markers |
| 1-12 |
13-25 |
26-37 |
38-67 |
SMGF / Ancestry-DNA |
3
9
3 |
3
9
0 |
19
/
3
9
4 |
3
9
1 |
a
|
3
8
5 |
b
|
3
8
5 |
4
2
6 |
3
8
8 |
4
3
9 |
i
|
3
8
9 |
3
9
2 |
ii
|
3
8
9 |
4
5
8 |
a
|
4
5
9 |
b
|
4
5
9 |
4
5
5 |
4
5
4 |
4
4
7 |
4
3
7 |
4
4
8 |
4
4
9 |
a
|
4
6
4 |
b
|
4
6
4 |
c
|
4
6
4 |
4
6
4
d |
4
6
0 |
H4
|
G
A
T
A |
IIa
|
Y
C
A |
IIb
|
Y
C
A |
4
5
6 |
6
0
7 |
5
7
6 |
5
7
0 |
a
|
C
D
Y |
b
|
C
D
Y |
4
4
2 |
4
3
8 |
5
3
1 |
5
7
8 |
a
|
S1
3
9
5 |
b
|
S1
3
9
5 |
5
9
0 |
5
3
7 |
6
4
1 |
4
7
2 |
S1
4
0
6 |
5
1
1 |
4
2
5 |
a
|
4
1
3 |
b
|
4
1
3 |
5
5
7 |
5
9
4 |
4
3
6 |
4
9
0 |
5
3
4 |
4
5
0 |
4
4
4 |
4
8
1 |
5
2
0 |
4
4
6 |
6
1
7 |
5
6
8 |
4
8
7 |
5
7
2 |
6
4
0 |
4
9
2 |
5
6
5 |
4
6
1 |
4
6
2 |
A10
|
G
A
T
A |
C4
|
6
3
5 |
G
A
A
T
1B
07 |
4
4
1 |
4
4
5 |
4
5
2 |
4
6
3 |
| R1b1* Modal Values |
YHE9G |
P25* |
13 |
23 |
15 |
10 |
12 |
14 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
16 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
26 |
14 |
19 |
28 |
12 |
12 |
15 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
21 |
23 |
15 |
15 |
18 |
19 |
32 |
39 |
11 |
11 |
12 |
8 |
15 |
16 |
8 |
10 |
10 |
8 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
22 |
22 |
15 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
15 |
8 |
13 |
23 |
20 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
13 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
11 |
13 |
23 |
10 |
13 |
12 |
30 |
24 |
(Please see notes below.) |
| |
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| CARASSO |
|
XEG9J |
|
13 |
21 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
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Pvt of Greece |
| CARASSO |
164134 |
7AKNQ |
P25+ |
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
19 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
27 |
14 |
19 |
28 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
21 |
23 |
14 |
15 |
18 |
19 |
32 |
36 |
12 |
11 |
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Pvt3, Pvt2, Jack1
CARASSO (1877/8-) of Salonica, GRC |
| HAMLIN |
|
|
|
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
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Pvt |
| GARZA |
94642 |
|
indet |
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
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Pvt... Antonio2 de la
GARZA, Leandro1 de la GARSA (1830- ) of Villagran, TM |
| GARZA |
A-DNA |
S3XVC |
|
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
19 |
|
|
11 |
12 |
27 |
|
19 |
29 |
12 |
12 |
15 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
21 |
23 |
|
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11 |
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12 |
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12 |
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24 |
Pvt... Antonio2 de la
GARZA, Leandro1 de la GARSA (1830- ) of Villagran, TM |
| ALVAREZ |
150747 |
6XATJ |
P25* |
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
20 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
27 |
14 |
19 |
29 |
12 |
12 |
15 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
21 |
23 |
14 |
15 |
18 |
19 |
32 |
36 |
12 |
11 |
12 |
8 |
15 |
16 |
8 |
10 |
11 |
8 |
9 |
11 |
12 |
22 |
23 |
15 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
15 |
8 |
13 |
24 |
20 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
13 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
13 |
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|
Pvt3, Pvt2,
Antonio Ramon1 MENDEZ (1880- ) of San Antonio, Bexar Co.,
TX |
| LEVI |
A-DNA |
|
[O?] |
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
18 |
|
|
11 |
12 |
26 |
|
19 |
28 |
12 |
12 |
15 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
21 |
23 |
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11 |
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12 |
11 |
12 |
23 |
12 |
13 |
|
31 |
24 |
Pvt |
| ARELLANO |
146304 |
|
M343+ |
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
15 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
18 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
27 |
14 |
19 |
28 |
12 |
12 |
15 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
21 |
23 |
14 |
15 |
18 |
19 |
32 |
36 |
12 |
11 |
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Pvt
Cristobal2, Nicolas1
de ARELLANO (c1640s- ) of Spain and Aguascalientes, AG |
| ARELLANO |
SMGF |
U4EE8 |
|
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
15 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
18 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
27 |
14 |
19 |
28 |
12 |
12 |
15 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
21 |
23 |
14 |
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12 |
11 |
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13 |
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13 |
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12 |
11 |
12 |
23 |
12 |
13 |
12 |
31 |
24 |
Pvt4, Pvt3,
Valdimar2, Narcisco1 ARELLANO (c1906- ) of Costilla,
Taos Co., NM |
| ARELLANO |
|
99HDQ |
[R1b1*] |
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
15 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
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Pvt... Sisto1 ARELLANO
(c1899- ) of Spain |
| ARELLANO |
|
TJ3RJ |
|
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
15 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
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Pvt
Cristobal2, Nicolas1
de ARELLANO (c1640s- ) of Spain and Aguascalientes, AG |
| ALALOF |
|
68DJZ |
|
13 |
22 |
16 |
11 |
13 |
15 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
13 |
29 |
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Pvt... Elie1 ALALOF
(c1895-1967) of Salonica, GRC |
| I have pulled the best matches for CARASSO #164134 from the FTDNA,
Ysearch, SMGF, and A-DNA databases and included them in the table above.
Not surprisingly, for those bearing the same surname, their genetic distances
are consistent with having a common ancestor within genealogical time,
while their overall common ancestor would presumably be back before the
period of surname adoption, though not long before. Given that at
least some of these families are Jewish and have repeatedly fled persecution,
it is also not unreasonable that some may connect within genealogical time
despite having different surnames. In other words, that the surname
changes were deliberate and relatively recent. DNA testing is particularly
helpful in revealing such families as being related. |
For an in-depth discussion of how to undertand what the results in
this table mean, I recommend studying this page at my web site on "Signature
Markers." But, in a nutshell
-
The marker values highlighted in cyan (pale blue table cells) are modal
for Haplogroup R1b1*, so bearing these values is unremarkable, beyond the
fact that the two markers in boldface support that they are R1b1*.
-
The markers highlighted in pale yellow are the "signature" markers for
this group. We would expect anyone related to them in genealogical
time to share all or most of these values at these markers.
-
The single table cells highlighted in chartreuse, orange, bright cyan,
and bright yellow represent "private" mutations, that is, mutations that
have occurred in this individual's patrilineal line, downstream of their
common ancestor. As more people are tested, these "private" mutations
may crop up in other individuals, at which point they become "branching"
markers.
-
The mutations highlighted in dark blue, magenta, bright green, and deep
purple are "branching" mutations, so-called because they usually indicate
branches in the family tree downstream of the common ancestor. Genealogically
speaking, these can be the most valuable mutations in the family because
they identify different lines in the family.
If you bear a private or branching mutation, it is important to test cousins
(e.g., a 1st cousin, a 2nd cousin, a 3rd
cousin, etc.), until you determine the generation and individual in whom
the mutation first appeared. This person then becomes a known fork
in the family's DNA road.
The above discussion is tentative because not everyone has tested at
least 37 markers. Ultimately, to have a high degree of confidence
in the relationships, everyone will need to upgrade to 67 markers and
it wouldn't hurt to test the SMGF markers, too (see markers to the right
of the 67 standard markers). |
| Testing at SMGF is free, so there's no reason not to submit a sample
to them. The downside is that you will wait up to a year or more
for results to return, they do not notify you when your results return
or what they are, and they do not notify you of matches. You just
have to keep checking the database and doing searches until your own results
appear. There are no "Kit #'s" to identify your results. Because
you must submit a minimal pedigree with your sample, you can use that pedigree
to identify yourself in the database. Your alternative is to pay
for testing
the
nine SMGF markers from among the "Advanced" markers offered by FTDNA.
Unless cost is an obstacle, that's the way to go. |
| The GARZA tested at A-DNA is the uncle of the GARZA tested at FTDNA. |
|
| This diagrammatic "cladogram" represents the most parsimonius (shortest,
simplest) path from a hypothesized common ancestor to the families represented
above (except for the subjects tested to only 12 markers, which are just
not enough markers to confidently place them in the tree). Technically,
everyone in a cladogram should have been tested to the same number of markers
and, ideally, to 67 markers, rather than just 37 or less.
This tree is not the only possible tree, it is merely the simplest,
most direct tree. As such, it rests on my assumptions about the ancestral
marker states, not to mention an underlying assumption that their resemblance
is the result of common ancestry, not mere coincidence. Deep SNP
testing and the testing of more markers can remove the spectre of coincidence.
While it is possible that some of these families may have a common ancestor
in genealogical time, their different surnames already make it likely their
common ancestor existed before surname adoption. It is also likely
that the testing of more markers by more individuals will reveal more mutations,
refining the tree, but pushing the common ancestor further back in time.
There does seem little doubt this ancestor was in Spain.
Mutations in boldface. |
Common
Ancestor
Presumed
ancestral values
for these markers. |
Intermediate
Ancestor
| DYS458 = 18 > 19 |
| DYS449 = 28 |
Hypothesized
because the GARZA,
ALVAREZ, and
CARASSO share
this mutation. |
Intermediate
Ancestor
| DYS458 = 19 |
| DYS449 = 28 > 29 |
Hypothesized because
the GARZA and
ALVAREZ share
this mutation. |
GARZA
|
The GARZA has acquired two mutations
in his descent from their hypothesized common ancestor. |
ALVAREZ
| DYS458 = 19 > 20 |
| DYS449 = 29 |
|
The ALVAREZ has acquired three mutations in
his descent from their hypothesized common ancestor. |
|
|
CARASSO
| DYS458 = 19 |
| DYS449 = 28 |
| DYS464c = 15 > 14 |
|
The CARASSO has acquired two mutations
in his descent from their hypothesized common ancestor. |
|
|
|
ARELLANO
| DYS458 = 18 |
| DYS449 = 28 |
| DYS385b = 14 > 15 |
|
The ARELLANO has acquired one mutation
in his descent from their hypothesized common ancestor. |
|
|
LEVI
| DYS458 = 18 |
| DYS449 = 28 |
| DYS447 = 27 > 26 |
|
The LEVI has acquired one
mutation in his descent from the
hypothesized common ancestor.
The return to the modal value of 26 at DYS447 appears
to be a new back-mutation, not a retention of the modal state. |
|
Modals for the standard 67 markers
were compiled from the FTDNA R1b1* Project by DGM as of 6 Feb 2010
(sample size = 58 at 12 markers, 49 at 25 markers, 43
at 37 markers, and 22 at 67 markers).
Modals for the Advanced markers are those for Haplogroup
R1b (Ysearch UserID C7BED) compiled by Ron Scott.
Keywords for search engines:
GRC, GR, Greece; Salonica = Salonika = Thessalonica =
Thessaloniki
ESP, ES, Reina de España, Kingdom of Spain
USA, US, United States of America; TX = Texas; NM = New
Mexico
MEX, MX, Mexico, México, Estados Unidos Mexicanos;
TM = Tamaulipas; AG = Aguascalientes |
|
