— born in KY:
  5.  Robert C. THOMPSON, b. 25 Dec 1801
  6.  Gideon R. THOMPSON, b. 13 Sep 1807 
  7.  J.C. or John C. THOMPSON, b. 1 Jan 1808 
  8.  Ann THOMPSON, b. 1808 

— born in Christian [now Todd] Co., KY:
  9.  Jane THOMPSON, b. 1810
10.  (Son A) THOMPSON, b. 1810-15
11.  (Daughter B) THOMPSON, b. 1820-25

WARNING:  I do not know for certain that "J.C." THOMPSON, s/o Gideon, is the "John" THOMPSON who shows up in Cooper Co., MO, in 1830, but the evidence points in that direction.

In the 1850 census, Jane is age 40, making her the daughter born 1810-15, but Jane married in 1822.  Was she really married at the age of 12?  Or was she really the daughter born 1793-1800 and fibbing about her age?  She gives her birthplace as KY, which suggests she is, indeed, the younger daughter.

1a.  LDS.  Family Search: Internet Genealogy Service:  IGI - International Genealogical Index (online at FamilySearch.org).

Gedion THOMSON Spouse: Janie VANCE Marriage: 8 Jan 1793, Mecklenburg, North Carolina Source: patron submission

1b.  Jordan R. Dodd, ed.  1993.  Kentucky Marriages:  Early to 1850.  Liahona Research, Orem, UT (Broderbund CD-229) :

Thompson, Gideon

Gollahay, Nancy

12 Aug 1830

Todd Co.

2.  Census Index:  U.S. Selected Counties, 1800 (Broderbund CD-312):

1800

Gideon Thompson

NC

Mecklenburg Co.

10010-30100-03

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
1 male	9 or under	1790-1800	= James T.V. (b. 1793)
1 male	26-44	1755-1774	= Gideon (b. 1764)
3 females	9 or under	1790-1800	= Mary (b. 1800) = Ruth (b. 1795) = Daughter A
1 female	16-25	1774-1784	= Jane (b. 1774/5)
3 slaves	all ages	in or bef. 1800	= names unknown

3.  1810 Census (extracted by A. Robert Matthiesen; see 1810 Table). 

1810

Gideon Thompson

KY

Christian [now Todd] Co.

21010-21010-09

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
2 males	9 or under	1800-1810	= J.C. (b. 1808) = Gideon R. (b. 1807) = Robert C. (b. 1801)
1 male	10-15	1794-1800	= James T.V. (b. 1793)
1 male	26-44	1765-1784	= Gideon (b. 1764)
2 females	9 or under	1800-1810	= Ann (b. 1808) = Mary (b. 1800)
1 female	10-15	1794-1800	= Ruth (b. 1795)
1 female	26-44	1765-1784	= Jane (b. 1774/5)
9 slaves	all ages	in or bef. 1810	= name unknown

4a. Census Index:  U.S. Selected Counties, 1820 (Broderbund CD-314):

1820	Gollaher, F.	KY	Todd Co.	p. 129
1820	Thompson, Gideon	KY	Todd Co.	p. 129

Based on the Broderbund Census Index CDs and the census indices at GenealogyLibrary.com, there are very few Gallahers [or variants] in Kentucky.   The first one to appear in the census indices for Christian, Todd, or Trigg Co. is "F. Gollaher" in 1820.  There is a John Gallaher in nearby Logan Co., KY, in 1830; and there is a Samuel Golladay in Christian Co. in 1840. 

4b.  1820 Census (extracted by A. Robert Matthiesen; see 1820 Table): 

1820

Thompson, Gid

KY

Todd Co.

p. 129A

010101-11201

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
1 male	10-15	1804-1810	= J.C. (b. 1808) = Gideon R. (b. 1807)
1 male	19-25*	1794-1801	= Robert C. (b. 1801)
1 male	45 or over	in or bef. 1775	= Gideon (b. 1764)
1 female	9 or under	1810-1820	= Daughter B
1 female	10-15	1804-1810	= Ann (b. 1808)
2 females	16-25	1794-1804	= Mary (b. 1800) = Ruth (b. 1795)
1 female	45 or over	in or bef. 1775	= Jane (b. 1774/5)
*In the 1820 Census, the third column is age class 16-18 and the fourth column is age class 16-25; therefore, any individual in column three is duplicated in column four.  By subtracting the number in column three from the number in column four, you can create an age class "19-25."

5.  1830 Census Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #19-20 of 68; extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen; see 1830 Table)): 

1830

KY

Todd Co.

p. 367

Ln. 22

Gideon Thompson

000 200 010 - 012 200 100

?

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
1 male	15-19	1810-1815	= Son A
1 male	50-59	1770-1780	= Gideon (b. 1764)
1 female	5-9	1820-1825	= Daughter F
2 females	10-14	1815-1820	= Daughter E = Daughter D
2 females	15-19	1810-1815	= Daughter C = Daughter B
1 female	40-49	1780-1790	= Nancy (b. 1778/9)

Daughters C, D, and E did not appear in the 1820 Census, so they cannot be Gideon's daughters.  Are they Nancy's by a former marriage?  She is old enough to have had a prior marriage.

6.  Census Index (online at GenealogyLibrary.com):

1835 Pension Roll

Thompson, Gideon

KY

Todd Co.

7.  1840 Tax List - Todd County, Ky [link died] transcribed by Karen Combs.

Pg.	Name	Acres	Watercourse	Value
46	Thompson, Gideon	150	Elkfork	1200

8.  Kentucky Court Records (LDS Microfiche No. 6049306, Fiche No. 6), Vol. 2, p. 203:

Revolutionary Soldiers in Kentucky,  Alphabetical List of Pensioners

Gideon Thompson, Todd Co.

9.  Beverly M. Stercula.  1966.  "Thompsons of New England and Surry Co., Va."  Thompson Family Magazine  (online in the Archives of THOMPSON-L at RootsWeb).  This Gideon Thompson is said to be the son of the Gideon Thompson who died in Mecklenburg Co., NC, in 1796.  This Gideon is described as being the "Revolutionary soldier" who "removed to Kentucky."

10.  From The Kentucky Land Grants by Willard Rouse Jillson (1925, Filson Club Publ., Louisville, KY; reprinted 1994 by Genealogical Publ. Co., Baltimore, MD; also online at Ancestry.com).  These are the only land grants to any Gideon Thompson in Kentucky.

Thompson, Gideon	400 acres	28 May 1804	Duck Lick Fk	Logan Co.
Thompson, Gideon	210 acres	9 Jul 1808	Rains Lick Cr	Christian [now Todd] Co.
Thompson, Gideon	400 acres	15 Apr 1809	E Fk Red R	Christian [now Todd] Co.
¤ Duck Lick Creek is in NW Logan Co. ¤ Reins Lick was then in Christian Co., is now in Todd Co.  It courses southwestwards from Elkton. ¤ The Elk Fork of the Red River is today in Todd Co.  It courses southeastwards from Elkton.

11.  Anon.  1993.  Christian County, Kentucky, Wills and Estates, 1815-1823.  T.L.C. Genealogy, Miami Beach, FL.

p. 7	Page 17. Per [Christian County] Court order of Sep Term 1815, appointing Robert Coleman, Benjamin H Reeves, & Elijah Garth to settle with Simral (Semeral) Johnson, executor of James Johnson decd, we find the following vouchers in the hands of the executor against the estate, but know not the Amt of the estate which he is chargeable with or holds in his hands.  People mentioned: ...Gideon Thompson... Recorded Nov Term 1815.
p. 21	Page 21.  Per [Christian County] Court order, we appraised the property of Joseph Shanklin deceased... Signed Dec 11, 1816 - Isaac Bean, Joseph C. Frazer, Gedion Thomson, John M. Berry.  Recorded Jan Term 1817.
p. 45	Page 165. Acct of sales of the property of John Gibson, deceased, this Feb 17, 1818.  Purchasers: ...Gideon Thompson... Recorded Sep Term 1818.

12a.  A.B. Willhite.  [n.d.]  Christian Co., Kentucky, Tax List, 1804-1809.  (self-published; available from author at 4396 Coopertown Rd., Russellville, KY 42276, or from the Christian County Genealogical Society, Hopkinsville, KY):

Pg. in Willhite	Year	Dist.*	Last  Name	First  Name	A	B	C	D	E	Acres	Watercourse
-	1804-8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
227	1809	East	Thompson	Gideon	1		3	8	7	200 200	E F E F
Legend for numerical data: A = White Males 21 or over; B = White Males 16-20 (this column not used in 1809); C = Blacks over 16; D = Total Blacks; E = Horses
Abbreviations:  E F = Elk Fork of the Red River
*The county was divided into just two districts:  from 1804 to 1806, into North and South Districts; beginning in 1807, into East and West Districts.  The Elk Fork of the Red River is in central and eastern Todd Co., which is consistent with Gideon having been in the East Dist. of Christian Co.

12b.  A.B. Willhite.   [n.d.]  Christian Co., Kentucky, Tax List, 1810-1813.   (Self-published; available from author at 4396 Coopertown Rd., Russellville, KY 42276, or from the Christian County Genealogical Society, Hopkinsville, KY).

Pg. in Willhite	Year	First  Name	Last  Name	A	B	C	D	E	Acres	Watercourse
41	1810	Gideon	Thompson	1		3	9	8	200 210	Elk Fk Elk Fk
92	1811	Gideon	Thompson	1	-	3	9	8	400	E F
144	1812	Gideon	Thompson	1		3	9	10	200 210	E F "
-	1813	-	-	-		-	-	-	-	-
Legend for numerical data: A = White Males 21 or over; B = White Males 16-20 (this column used only in 1811); C = Blacks over 16; D = Total Blacks; E = Horses
Abbreviations:  E F = Elk Fk = Elk Fork of the Red River [now in Todd Co.]

[Note:  many records seem to be missing from the 1813 rolls.]

12c.  A.B. Willhite.   [n.d.]  Christian Co., Kentucky, Tax List, 1814-1818.   (Self-published.  This book is out of print.  I do not have a copy.  If you have one to sell, please contact me.)

12d.  A.B. Willhite.   [n.d.]  Christian Co., Kentucky, Tax List, 1819-1823.   (Self-published; available from author at 4396 Coopertown Rd., Russellville, KY 42276, or from the Christian County Genealogical Society, Hopkinsville, KY).

Pg. in Willhite	Year	First  Name	Last  Name	A	B	C	D	Acres	Watercourse
63	1819	Gideon	Thompson	1	5	14	8	400 200	E F P R
-	1820-23	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Legend for numerical data: A = White Males 21 or over; B = Blacks over 16; C = Total Blacks; D = Horses
Abbreviations:  E F = Elk Fork of Red River [now in Todd Co.]; PR = Pond River [partly in NW Todd Co.]

As expected, Gideon drops off the Christian Co. tax rolls when Todd Co. is formed in 1820. 

12e.  For a chronological/quasi-geographical presentation of THOMPSONs on the Christian Co. tax rolls, click here. 

13.  Todd County, Kentucky, Deed Book M, 1839-1840 (LDS FHC Film No. 355909; abstracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

p. 110

9 Nov 1839. Grantors, of Todd Co., KY =  Gideon & Nancy THOMPSON; Caleb N. & Mary BELL. Grantees = John & Lucy BUNCH. $182 for 26 acres on the Elk Fork of the Red River.

Mary (THOMPSON) BELL is Gideon's daughter.

14.  Anon.  1943.  "Index of Revolutionary War Pension Applications."  National Genealogical Society Quarterly.  Supplement I, 1284 pp.  (Broderbund CD-210).  On p. 1113:

THOMPSON... (or THOMPSON), Gideon, N.C., Nancy R19424

15.  Anderson Chenault Quisenberry.  1896.  Revolutionary Soldiers in Kentucky.  Yearbook of the Kentucky Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, Louisville, KY (reprinted 1999 Genealogical Publ. Co., Baltimore, MD; Broderbund CD-519):

p. 158	TODD COUNTY... PENSIONERS UNDER THE ACT OF JUNE 7, 1832...
p. 159	Thompson, Gideon, private . . . North Caroline line January 31, 1833; $33-55 Age __....

16.   Stuart Seely Sprague.  1984.  Kentuckians in Missouri.  Genealogical Publ. Co., Baltimore, MD.  On p. 154:

BIRTHDATE	NAME OF BIOGRAPHEE	PARENTS	BIRTHPLACE	BIRTHDATE	SOURCE	PAGE	FIRST MO. CO.	DATE
01 Jan 1808	J.C. Thompson	Gideon & Jane			NW	1954	Cooper	1826

"NW" is the next source.

17.  Walter Williams.  1915.  A History of Northwest Missouri... Lewis Publ. Co., Chicago. [not seen]

18.  Messages in the Thompson Family Genealogy Forum (online at GenForum.com).

19.  LDS.  Family Search: Internet Genealogy Service: Ancestral File.