— born in Christian Co., KY: 
  6.  Mary Jackson THOMPSON, b. 25 Jan 1812 or 29 Jan 1813, Hopkinsville 
  7.  Amelia Overton THOMPSON, b. 3 Sep 1814 
  8.  Charles Mills THOMPSON, b. 23 Dec 1816 
  9.  Nathaniel THOMPSON, b. 11 Jul 1819; d. bef. 1884
10.  James Henry THOMPSON, b. 20 Aug 1822; d. Feb 1905; ended up in Carthage, Hancock Co., IL

1.  Jordan R. Dodd, ed.  1993.  Virginia Marriages:  Early to 1850.  Liahona Research, Orem, UT (Broderbund CD-229):

Thomson, Charles

Graves, Nancy

14 Dec 1800

Louisa Co.

2.  1810 Census Index (online at GenealogyLibrary.com):  This index doesn't contain Louisa Co., only Accomack Co. and "Army Lands" of Virginia.  In any case, as Charles and Ann weren't married until Dec 14th, Charles was probably too late to be enumerated as head-of-household. 

3.  1820 Census:  (extracted by A. Robert Matthiesen; see 1820 Table): 

1820

Charles Thompson

221001-20110

Christian Co., KY

p. 36

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
2 males	9 or under	1810-1820	= Nathaniel (b. 1819) = Charles (b. 1816)
2 males	10-15	1804-1810	= Albert (b. 1809) = George (b. 1805)
1 male	16-18	1801-1804	= William (b. 1804)
1 male	45 or over	in or bef. 1775	= Charles (b. 1773)
2 females	9 or under	1810-1820	= Amelia (b. 1814) = Mary (b. 1812/13)
1 female	16-25	1794-1804	= America (b. 1802)
1 female	26-44	1775-1794	= Ann (b. 1781)

Either the dates in Perrin are slightly off or the census is slightly off. 

4.  1830 Census:  (extracted by A. Robert Matthiesen; see 1830 Table): 

1830

Charles Thompson

021 120 010 - 001 110 100

Christian Co., KY

p. 12

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
2 males	5-10	1820-1825	= James (b. 1822) = Nathaniel (b. 1819)?
1 male	10-14	1815-1820	= Charles (b. 1816)
1 male	15-19	1810-1815	=  Albert (b. 1809)?
2 males	20-29	1800-1810	= George (b. 1805) = William (b. 1804)
1 male	50-59	1770-1780	= Charles (b. 1773)
1 female	10-14	1815-1820	= Amelia (b. 1814)?
1 female	15-19	1810-1815	= Mary (b. 1812/3)
1 female	20-29	1800-1810	= America (b. 1802)
1 female	40-49	1780-1790	= Ann (b. 1781)

Either the dates in Perrin are slightly off or the census is slightly off.

5.  Census Index:  U.S. Selected Counties, 1840 (Broderbund CD-316):

1840

Thompson, Charles

IL

Hancock Co.

p. 213

6.  1850 Census Index/Microfilm (online at GenealogyLibrary.com): Hancock Co., IL, p. 290, 300/300, enumerated 10 Sep 1850 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

Ann Thompson	69	F		400	Va
America Swan	48	F			"
James Swan	38	M			Ky
Ann     "	11	F			Ill
Geo W   "	10	M			"
Ellen A "	7	F			"
Henry J Thompson	23	M	Farmer		Ky
Mary E Haggard	14	F			Ill
Margaret E Thompson	5	F			Ky

America (THOMPSON) SWAN is Ann's daughter.  Mary Eliza HAGGARD is Ann's granddaughter.  They are living two doors down from Ann's son, Charles M. THOMPSON.  Who is Henry J.?  And Margaret E.? 

7a. A.B. Willhite.   [n.d.]  Christian Co., Kentucky, Tax List, 1810-1813.   (Self-published; available from author at 4396 Coopertown Rd., Russellville, KY 42276, or from the Christian County Genealogical Society, Hopkinsville, KY).

Pg. in Willhite	Year	First  Name	Last  Name	A	B	C	D	Acres	Watercourse
-	1810-11	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
144	1812	Chas	Thompson	1	1	1	3	-	-
-	1813	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Legend:  A = White Males 21 or over; B =  Blacks over 16; C = Total Blacks; D = Horses
Note:  many records appear to be missing from the 1813 rolls, at least as transcribed in this book

7b.  A.B. Willhite.   [n.d.]  Christian Co., Kentucky, Tax List, 1814-1818.   (Self-published.  This book is out of print.  I do not have a copy.  If you have one to sell, please contact me.)

7c.  A.B. Willhite.   [n.d.]  Christian Co., Kentucky, Tax List, 1819-1823.   (Self-published; available from author at 4396 Coopertown Rd., Russellville, KY 42276, or from the Christian County Genealogical Society, Hopkinsville, KY).

Pg. in Willhite	Year	First  Name	Last  Name	A	B	C	D	Acres	Watercourse
63	1819	Chas	Thompson	1	1	1	2	282	L R
113	1820	Chas	Thompson	1	1	1	2	282½	S F of L R
155	1821	Chas	Thompson	1	1	3	2	282½	L R
197	1822	Chas	Thompson	1	1	2	3	282	L R
242	1823	Chas	Thompson	1	-	-	2	140	T W
Legend:  A = White Males 21 or over; B = Blacks over 16; C = Total Blacks; D = Horses
Abbreviations:  L R = Little River; S F of L R = South Fork of the Little River; T W = Tradewater River

I find it hard to believe the Charles THOMPSON in 1823 is the same man as the Charles THOMPSON in 1812-22; yet, our subject has two children married in Christian Co. as late as 1832 and 1835, and he is head-of-household in the 1830 Census, though there is not a perfect match in that census.   Yet, I can find no Charles THOMPSON anywhere in Illinois in 1830, so it must be our subject.  The other possibility is transcriber error or an error in the tax rolls.  I'd like to see the tax rolls from 1824 on through the 1830s to understand what's going on here.

8.  Anon.  1993.  Christian County, Kentucky, Wills and Estates, 1815-1823.  T.L.C. Genealogy, Miami Beach, FL.  On p. 109:

Page 446.  Account of sales.  Jul 19, 1822.  The following articles were sold by the [Christian County] Sheriff as the property of Mordicai Cook deceased, by order of [Christian County] Court, on a credit of 12 months.  Purchasers: ...Charles Thompson...

9.  LDS.  Family Search: Internet Genealogy Service:  IGI - International Genealogical Index (online at FamilySearch.org).

America THOMPSON Birth:  23 Jan 1802, Misc, Virginia Father:  Charles THOMPSON Mother:  Ann Pettus GRAVES

10.  Beverly M. Stercula.  Thompson Family Magazine (partially online in the Archives of the THOMPSON-L mailing list (online at RootsWeb.com).

11.  William Henry Perrin, ed.  1884.  County of Christian, Kentucky: Historical and Biographical.  F.A. Battey Publ. Co., Chicago, pp. 420-421.  Biographical sketch of their son, George O. Thompson.