1.  Marriage Record:

2.  1830 Census Index and Digital Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #11 of 12; extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

1830

PA

Union [now Snyder] Co.

Washington Twp.

p. 304

Ln. 6

Straub Benjamin

000 010 - 010 010

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
1 male	20-29	1800-1810	= Benjamin (b. 1802)
1 female	5-14	1820-1825	= ?
1 female	20-29	1800-1810	= Sarah (b. 1807)

Benjamin and Sarah weren't married until 1828, so the girl wouldn't appear to be their daughter.  Benjamin is old enough to have had a prior marriage, so she may be his daughter, but not Sarah's.

3.  1840 Census Index and Digital Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #17 of 20; extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

1840

PA

Union [now Snyder] Co.

Washington Twp.

pp. 267AB

Ln. 28

Straub Benjamin

220 001 - 100 001

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
2 males	4 or under	1835-1840	= Son A = Frederick (b. 1833/4)
2 males	5-9	1830-1835	= Elias (b. 1832) = George (b. 1830)
1 male	30-39	1800-1810	= Benjamin (b. 1802)
1 female	4 or under	1835-1840	= Sarah (b. 1837/8)
1 female	30-39	1800-1810	= Sarah (b. 1807)

All we need is for Fredrick to be tallied as a year later for him to be in the youngest age class, making room for George in the older age class.  Such minor errors are common in the early censuses.  The list is alphabetical, so no neighborhood reconstruction is possible.

3.  1850 Census Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #1 of 29):  Washington Twp., Union [now Snyder] Co., PA, p. 115AB, 8/8, enumerated 23 Nov 1850, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1850 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Benjamin Straub	47	M	Waggon Maker	900	Penna
Sarah Straub	43	F			Penna
Eli Straub	18	M			Penna
Frederick Straub	16	M			Penna
Sarah Straub	12	F			Penna
Peter Straub	9	M			Penna
[next page]
Amelia Straub	7	F			Penna
Atlina Straub	5	F			Penna
Benjamin Straub	1	M			Penna

Where is Louisa?  Atlina must be Louisa.

4.  1860 Census Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #28 of 34):  Washington Twp., Snyder Co., PA, p. 623, PN 147, 1044/1076, enumerated 7 Jul 1860, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1860 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Benjamin Straub	57	M		Farmer	2000	400	Pennsylvania
Sarah      "	52	F					"
Benjamin   "	11	M					"
Lucinda Male	6	F					"

5.  1870 Census Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #24 of 39):  Freeburg P.O., Washington Twp., Snyder Co., PA, p. 179B, PN 24, enumerated Jul 1870, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1870 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

1870:  for an explanation of the column headings, please see What the Numbers in the Federal Census Mean (missing columns contained no data).
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	15	17	19
174	188	Stroup Benj.	67	M	W	farmer	3000	800	Penna			/
		"   Sarah	62	F	W	Keeping house			"		/
		"   Benj. B.	22	M	W	Farming			"			/
		Mengle Lucinda	17	F	W	Domestic Servt.			"
		Garman Wm D.	9	M	W				"	/

6.  1880 Census (indexed at FamilySearch.org; page image online at Ancestry.com, Image #21 of 37):  Washington Twp., Snyder Co., PA, p. 95A, PN 21, SD 7, ED 150, enumerated 15/16 Jun 1880, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1880 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

1880:  for an explanation of the column headings, please see What the Numbers in the Federal Census Mean (missing columns contained no data).

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10

11

13

21

24

25

26

191

181

Stroup B. B.

W

M

32

/

Farmer

Penna

Penna

Penna

______ Mary A

W

F

24

Wife

/

Keeping House

Penna

Penna

Penna

______ Sarah A

W

F

4

Dau

/

Penna

Penna

Penna

______ Ammon

W

M

2

Son

/

Penna

Penna

Penna

______ Sarah

W

F

72

Mother

/

Keeping House

Penna

Penna

Penna

Garman William D

W

M

17

Nephew

/

Laborer

/

Penna

Penna

Penna

Stroup Annie M

W

F

15

Cousin

/

Servant

/

Penna

Penna

Penna

In the 1870 census, William GARMAN (æ 9) is living with B.B.'s parents, Benjamin & Sarah (MERTZ) STRAUB, so it appears he is B.B.'s blood nephew, not Mary's, and that William's parents were both deceased by 1870.  As B.B. is believed to have had only one surviving sister, (viz., Sarah), it would appear that she was William GARMAN's mother.  Unfortunately, I can't find a GARMAN with wife, Sarah, in the 1850 census, but hopefully, guardian records in the county court will identify his parents.  Annie M. STROUP is B.B.'s first-cousin-once removed, that is, daughter of John S. STRAUB (deceased in 1878), son of Samuel STRAUB, our late subject's brother. 

7.  George W. Wagenseller.  1904.  Tombstone Inscriptions of Snyder County, Penna.  Wagenseller Publ. Co., Middleburgh, PA. On p. 266:

Washington Twp., St. Peter's Cemetery, Freeburg, Pa.
Straub, Benjamin		b Oct.  6, 1802	d June  3, 1877	aged 74y 7m 28d
Straub, Amelia	dau. of Benj. and Sarah	b Aug. 14, 1843	d Sep. 16, 1852	aged  9y 1m  2d
Straub, John J.	s of Benj. and Sarah	b Dec. 20, 1851	d Sep. 11, 1852	aged     8m 21d
Straub, Elias	s of Benj. and Sarah	b Mar. 29, 1839	d Sep.  8, 1852	aged 20y 5m  9d
Straub, Peter	s of Benj. and Sarah	b Aug.  9, 1841	d Aug. 30, 1852	aged 11y 0m 12d
Straub, Louisa	d of Benj. and Sarah	b Dec. 18, 1845	d Sep.  5, 1852	aged  6y 8m 17d

What heartbreak, to lose five children in less than three weeks!  Benjamin's brother, Samuel, lost three children in Aug-Sep of 1853. 

8.  Birthdates calculated using Ben Buckner's JavaScript Birthday Calculator.

Entered		Result
3 Jun 1877	28d  7m 74y	6 Oct 1802
16 Sep 1852	2d  1m  9y	14 Aug 1843
11 Sep 1852	21d  8m  0y	21 Dec 1852
8 Sep 1852	9d  5m 20y	30 Mar 1832
30 Aug 1852	12d  0m 11y	18 Aug 1841
5 Sep 1852	17d  8m  6y	19 Dec 1845
(Calculated birthdates should always be prefaced with "ca." — you can't be certain the person who calculated their age did it correctly, as evidenced above.)

Wagenseller — or whoever — certainly wasn't good at calculating birthdate from age at death.

9.  Archives of the STRAUB-L mailing list (online at RootsWeb.com), especially posts by Jim Burnell.