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Y-DNA Comparison of Haplogroup I2b1 HARRINGTON / HERRINGTON
I descend from Robert HARRINGTON (1616-1707) of England and Watertown, MA.  It has long been alleged that Robert is brother to Benjamin HARRINGTON (1618-1694) of England and Providence, RI.  Both are further alleged to be "of Somerset, England," no doubt to support claims that they descend from the illustrious HARINGTONs of Kelston, Somerset.

I have found no documentation to support that either Robert or Benjamin was "of Somerset" or that they were connected to each other or, much less, that either was connected to the HARINGTONs of Somerset — all sources found so far are secondary, not to mention wildly contradictory.  The fact is, the parents of Robert and Benjamin remain unidentified and unproven (please see this page for further discussion). 
Without solid paper documentation as to the ancestry of either Robert or Benjamin, we turn to Y-DNA testing.  The easiest question to answer is whether a near common ancestor (in genealogical time) is even possible, and we have our answer:  Robert and Benjamin cannot be brothers and do not share a common ancestor in genealogical time.  Period.

We do not yet have a proven descendant of the Somerset HARINGTONs Y-DNA tested (i.e., one with a solid paper connection to them).  So, as of this writing (30 Dec 2011; update 2 Aug 2016), the question as to whether either Benjamin or Robert is connected to them has not been answered with Y-DNA testing.

We do have a partial answer for Robert because his descendants genetically connect with an individual having a known origin in Essex.  Whether this family shares an ancestry with the Somerset family is unknown, but the geography is not promising.  None of the subjects genetically matching Benjamin has "crossed the pond," so as yet, we have no indicaton, whatsoever, of Benjamin's origin.
Below are the Haplogroup I2b1 individuals extracted from the Family Tree DNA HARRINGTON Y-DNA Surname Project based at the World Families Network web site.  These individuals form Lineage Groups VII and VIII in the project, plus one individual without a match who remains ungrouped.  The fact that Robert and Benjamin are in the same haplogroup should be viewed as merely coincidental.  It is estimated that Haplogroup I2b1 formed some 12-13,000 years ago, so belonging to it is not an indicator of near common ancestry.  I do recommend that at least one individual from each lineage group be deep SNP tested to determine their subclade of I2b1.
In the table, below, the first set of GDs (genetic distances) is between the modal values for Lineage Groups VII and VIII (now Groups 10 and 11).  These large GDs indicate the two groups do not have a common ancestor in genealogical time.  The remaining GDs are the individual distances within the groups from their modal haplotypes, and within the groups, individuals are showing GDs typical of members of the same family in genealogical time — excluding at least two and possibly all four of those not surnamed HARRINGTON that the project has included in Group VII.  If these four want to prove a connection to the HARRINGTONs (i.e., prove they have an NPE and are really HARRINGTONs), they and at least one of the HARRINGTONs are going to have to upgrade to 111 markers, and all the HARRINGTONs need to upgrade to 67 markers.*
For a detailed explanation of how I analyze Y-DNA STR test results and what the colors mean, please see my discussion of Signature Markers: What They Are and How to Use Them.  When I say, "related," I mean related in genealogical time — we're all related if you go back far enough.
*The experience of running six DNA projects for seven years has resulted in my standardizing on 67 markers for my projects.  The additional markers greatly clarify the situation with regard to "iffy" matches, which is certainly what we have here with the four non-HARRINGTONs.
UPDATE (2 Aug 2016):
•  Lineage Group VII is now called "Group 10" and is haplogroup subclade I2-Y5729/Y5730. 
•  Lineage Group VIII is now called "Group 11" and has not done deep SNP testing (still I2-M223).
There still does not appear to be anyone tested who claims to descend from the Somerset HARINGTONs. 
To view more of the page without scrolling, temporarily reduce the text size or page size in your browser.  Red labels indicate markers that typically mutate more frequently than those labeled in black.  (Empty cells that are darkened indicate tests not ordered.)  Keywords for search engines: genetic genealogy.
To view lineages, please scroll to the right.
Genetic Distance
(Cumulative)		 Name Kit#   Panel 1 — Standard Markers 1-12   Panel 2 — Standard Markers 13-25   Panel 3 — Standard Markers 26-37   Panel 4 — Standard Markers 38-67   Panel 5 — Standard Markers 68-111   L
I
N
E
A
G
E		 Earliest Known Patrilineal Ancestor
STR PP3 PP5 MP6 MP7 MP8 MP9 [mixed] MP10 [EA] MP11 [SMGF] MP12 [all new] MP13 [mixed]
12 25 37 67 111 3
9
3		 3
9
0		 19
/
3
9
4		 3
9
1		 a
|
3
8
5		 b
|
3
8
5		 4
2
6		 3
8
8		 4
3
9		 i
|
3
8
9		 3
9
2		 ii
|
3
8
9		 4
5
8		 a
|
4
5
9		 b
|
4
5
9		 4
5
5		 4
5
4		 4
4
7		 4
3
7		 4
4
8		 4
4
9		 a
|
4
6
4		 b
|
4
6
4		 c
|
4
6
4		 d
|
4
6
4		 4
6
0		 H4
|
G
A
T
A		 IIa
|
Y
C
A		 IIb
|
Y
C
A		 4
5
6		 6
0
7		 5
7
6		 5
7
0		 a
|
C
D
Y		 b
|
C
D
Y		 4
4
2		 4
3
8		 5
3
1		 5
7
8		 a
|
S1
3
9
5		 b
|
S1
3
9
5		 5
9
0		 5
3
7		 6
4
1		 4
7
2		 S1
4
0
6		 5
1
1		 4
2
5		 a
|
4
1
3		 b
|
4
1
3		 5
5
7		 5
9
4		 4
3
6		 4
9
0		 5
3
4		 4
5
0		 4
4
4		 4
8
1		 5
2
0		 4
4
6		 6
1
7		 5
6
8		 4
8
7		 5
7
2		 6
4
0		 4
9
2		 5
6
5		 7
1
0		 4
8
5		 6
3
2		 4
9
5		 5
4
0		 7
1
4		 7
1
6		 7
1
7		 5
0
5		 5
5
6		 5
4
9		 5
8
9		 5
2
2		 4
9
4		 5
3
3		 6
3
6		 5
7
5		 6
3
8		 4
6
2		 4
5
2		 4
4
5		 A10
|
G
A
T
A		 4
6
3		 4
4
1		 1B
07
|
GG
AA
T		 5
2
5		 7
1
2		 5
9
3		 6
5
0		 5
3
2		 7
1
5		 5
0
4		 5
1
3		 5
6
1		 5
5
2		 7
2
6		 6
3
5		 5
8
7		 6
4
3		 4
9
7		 5
1
0		 4
3
4		 4
6
1		 4
3
5
I2b1 (M223+) Modal Values   15 23 15 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 29   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 27 11 14 14 15   11 10 19 21 14 14 17 18 34 38 12 10   11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 10 9 12 21 22 15 11 12 12 13 9 14 25 20 10 13 12 13 11 12 12 11   29 14 8 15 11 23 27 19 11 11 12 11 11 9 11 11 10 11 12 31 10 13 22 14 11 10 20 15 22 11 24 14 11 14 25 12 19 18 12 14 17 9 12 11    
2 6 10 13   Lineage Group VII Modal Values   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 18 20 35 39 12 10   11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 10 9 12 21 22 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                              
Lineage Group VIII Modal Values   14 23 15 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8  9 11 11 26 14 20 27 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 20 14 14 18 19 34 39 11 10   11 8 15 16 8 12 10 8 10 9 12 22 22 14 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                              
Lineage Group VII — Group 10                                    
0 0 0 0   Harrington WO 179227   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 18 20 35 39 12 10   11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 10 9 12 21 22 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                             H-53 Pvt… Crawford Alan10, Elisha9, Crawford Allen8, Peter7, Truman6, Richard5, William4, Elisha3, William2, Benjamin1HARRINGTON (1618-1694) of Providence, RI
0 0 0     Harrington SS 216594   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 18 20 35 39 12 10                                                                                                                                                           H-78 Pvt… …
0 0 0     Harrington CL 92733   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 18 20 35 39 12 10                                                                                                                                                           H-29 Pvt… …
0 1 1     Harrington DW 96750   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 30 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 18 20 35 39 12 10                                                                                                                                                           H-21 Pvt… …
0 1 2     Harrington PG 71579   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 30 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 20 14 14 18 20 35 39 12 10                                                                                                                                                           H-15 Pvt… …
0 0 1     Harrington BJ 155009   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 18 20 35 38 12 10                                                                                                                                                           H-47 Pvt… … John1 HERRINGTON (1662- ) of Providence, RI
0 0 1 1   Herrington CK 141432   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 13 18 20 35 39 12 10   11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 10 9 12 21 22 15 11 12 12 13 9 12 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                             H-34 Pvt… Willie Olin6, Richard Samuel5, Samuel T.4, Richard S.3, Richard M.2, Job1HERRINGTON (c1723-1787 ) of Burke Co., GA
0 0 1     Herrington LM 105799   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 17 20 35 39 12 10                                                                                                                                                           H-28 Pvt… …
0         Harrington BA 153291   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31                                                                                                                                                                                                                 H-65 Pvt…  
0 0 1     Brown FA 36398   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 15 14 18 20 35 39 12 10                                                                                                                                                           H-24 Pvt…  
1 1 2     Parks FD 43302   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 10 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 18 20 34 39 12 10                                                                                                                                                           H-26 Pvt…  
2 2 4 5   Rosa FD 86767   13 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 10 13 12 31   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 17 20 35 38 12 10   11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 10 9 12 21 21 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                             H-23 Pvt…  
2 2 4 5   Nesbitt JB 174694   14 23 15 10 14 14 11 13 11 14 12 33   15 8 10 11 11 25 14 20 29 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 21 14 14 17 20 35 38 12 10   11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 10 9 12 21 21 15 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                             H-75 Pvt…  
Lineage Group VIII — Group 11                                    
0 0 0 0   Harrington GL 180752   14 23 15 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8  9 11 11 26 14 20 27 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 20 14 14 18 19 34 39 11 10   11 8 15 16 8 12 10 8 10 9 12 22 22 14 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                             H-68 Pvt… Edward2, Robert1HARRINGTON (1618- ) of England and Watertown, MA
0 0 1 2   Harrington CA 26344   14 23 15 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8  9 11 11 26 14 20 27 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 20 14 14 18 20 34 39 11 10   11 8 15 16 8 12 10 8 10 9 12 22 22 14 11 12 12 13 9 13 26 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                             H-2 Pvt… Charles Allen9, Vernon8, Charles Allen7, David6, Jonah5, Daniel4, Daniel3, Daniel2,
1 1 1 2   Harrington GS N73024   14 23 15 10 15 15 11 13 10 13 12 31   15 8  9 11 11 26 14 20 27 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 20 14 14 18 18 34 39 11 10   11 8 15 16 8 12 10 8 10 9 12 22 22 14 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                             H-46 Pvt11, Pvt10, Douglas Albert9, Walter8, William7, Jacob6, Jacob5 (1781-1850) [immigrant to MD], Jacob4, Jacob3, Jacob2, William1 HARRINGTON (1660-1706) of Essex
0 0 2 2   Harrington RL 182288   14 23 15 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 31   15 8  9 11 11 26 14 20 27 11 14 14 15   11 9 19 20 14 14 17 19 33 39 11 10   11 8 15 16 8 12 10 8 10 9 12 22 22 14 11 12 12 13 9 13 27 20 11 13 12 12 11 12 12 11                                                                                             H-57 Pvt… Chauncey HARRINGTON (1834- ) of Ireland
Ungrouped                                    
0 0 0     Herrington N 198405   14 23 16 10 15 15 11 13 11 13 12 28   15 8 10 11 11 25 16 18 28 11 14 14 15   11 10 19 19 18 16 18 20 33 38 12 10                                                                                                                                                           H-71 Pvt… Cornelius HERRINGTON (c1770s- ) of Baltimore, MD
Discussion:
The table cells in light blue (cyan) represent the modal values for Haplogroup I2b1.  Because these are the most common values for an I2b1 to have, possessing them is not remarkable.  What's significant is the off-modal values that are shared by everyone (or nearly everyone) in the family.  These are called the family's "signature" markers. 
In the above table, the dark blue columns represent the signature markers shared by lineage groups VII and VIII.  The orange columns represent signature markers possessed by Lineage Group VII, but not by Group VIII; conversely, the magenta columns represent signature markers possed by Lineage Group VIII, but not by Group VII.  The bright yellow table cells represent "private" mutations, that is, a mutation downstream of the progenitor and possessed, so far, only by that individual.  The bright green table cells may represent "branching" mutations, that is, a mutation downstream of the progenitor, but upstream of the two individuals.  We need to know more about the ancestry of the test subjects before we can determine whether these mutations are private or branching. 
Because #198406 has no match (is alone in his group), we don't know which of his markers is a signature marker for his family and which are his own private mutations.  In any case, he is genetically so distant from both Group VII and Group VIII that we need not discuss his results further.
It may seem that, because Lineage Groups VII and VIII share nine signature markers, they must be related.  But look at how many signature markers they do not share:  a total of 13!  This number is indicative of a resounding non-match.  Their non-match is supported by the genetic distance of their modal haplotypes — please note the meaning of their genetic distances as discussed below.
While it should always be kept in mind that mutations occur randomly, when testing 67 markers, you can expect one mutation event about every seven generations.  As Lineage Groups VII and VIII differ on 13 signature markers (by 13 mutation events), that would put their common ancestor back about 91 generations or about 2800 years ago, well beyond the reach of paper genealogy and long before even the earliest surname adoptions.  These two families represent two entirely different adoptions of the surname, that is, two entirely different origins.
I strongly recommend that everyone in the table upgrade to at least 67 markers, preferably 111, and that at least one member in each group be deep SNP tested.

I especially recommend that the BROWN, PARKS, ROSA, and NESBITT upgrade their testing.  In particular, it is looking like the ROSA and NESBITT may belong together, but not in this group (i.e., not in the HARRINGTON project.).

The more markers you test, the more precise you can be about your relationships.
What constitutes a match?
Matches in other surnames are usually mere coincidence, so please ignore them — I'll let you know when you shouldn't!
For 12 markers: 9 or less is a non-relative; for 10-12 markers, please see this table compiled by FTDNA.
For 25 markers: 21 or less is a non-relative; for 22-25 markers,
For 37 markers: 31 or less is a non-relative; for 32-37 markers,
For 67 markers: 59 or less is a non-relative; for 60-67 markers,
For 111 markers: 100 or less is a non-relative; for 101-111 markers,
For any test:  0 matching markers, please contact NASA.
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