A secondary source says she was born in VA and died on 16 Sep 1866, which is obviously incorrect.

A secondary source has these six children for them:  Martha Frances (b. 28 Feb 1844), Anne, Nancy M., James A. (7 Mar 1852), George, and John Thomas.

1.  Family Group Sheet by Betty Ann (Matthiesen) Cogliati and her grandmother, Maude Irene (Thompson) Rose.  Their sheet did not include any children.

2a.  Jordan R. Dodd, ed.  1994.  Missouri Marriages: Early to 1850.  Liahona Res., Orem, UT (Broderbund CD-227):

Thompson, Isaac

Sorrell, Mary Jane

Dec 25, 1836

Randolph Co.

2b.  Marriage Records of Randolph County, Missouri (lookup courtesy of Pamela Creighton).  In Book A. on p. 33 :

Isaac D. Thompson and Mary Jane Sorrell, 25-Dec-1836, by Thomas Thompson, JP

3.  1840 Census Index and Digital Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #9-10 of 64; extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

1840

MO

Randolph Co.

p. 271

Isaac D Tompson

000 010 - 100 010

0100000

no slaves

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
1 male	20-29	1810-1820	= Isaac (b. 1817)
1 female	4 or under	1835-1840	= Anne (b. 1837/8)
1 female	20-29	1810-1820	= Mary Jane (b. 1818)
1	person engaged in agriculture

Listed 10 lines from John SORRELL, Sr., who may be Mary Jane's father.

4a.  1850 Census Index/Microfilm (online at GenealogyLibrary.com):  "Hotel," El Dorado Co., CA, p. 378, 6/6, enumerated 24 Oct 1850, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1850 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

Thomas Thompson	48	M	Hotel	4200	Ky
Mildred   "	43	F			"
Isaac D.  "	33	M	Physician		"
[siblings and lodgers]

Thomas is Isaac's father.  Isaac appears to have left his family back home — and, in so doing, managed to get himself enumerated twice.  Was he in California to provide medical services to Thomas's "flock"?  Or had he caught "gold fever"?

4b.  1850 Census Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #30 of 43):  Prairie Twp., Randolph Co., MO, p. 261A, 866/866, enumerated 5 Nov 1850, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1850 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

I D Thompson	32	M		Farmer		Ky
Mary J   "	31	F				"
Ann      "	12	F				Mo
Martha   "	10	F				"
John     "	7	M				"
Nancy    "	5	F				"
Mary     "	3	F				"
Delila   "	1	F				"

5.  1860 Census Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #12 of 41):  Modena P.O., Madison Twp., Mercer Co., MO, p. 304, PN 204, 1433/1433, enumerated 23 Jul 1860, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1860 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

Mary J Thompson	42	F			1600	600	Kentucky
Ann E      "	22	F					Missouri
Thomas F   "	16	M		Farm Laborer			"
N M        "	13	F					"
S D        "	11	F					"
J R        "	8	M					"
G R        "	5	M					"

6.  1870 Census Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #86 of 301):  Goshen City, Madison Twp., Mercer Co., MO, p. 112B, PN 22, 149/148, enumerated 13 Aug 1870, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1870 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

Thompson Mary J	51	F	W	Keeping House	2400	650	Kentucky
________ Thomas	26	M	W	Teacher			Missouri
________ Nancy M	24	F	W	Teacher			Missouri
________ James A	18	M	W	works on farm			Missouri
________ George R	15	M	W	At Home			Missouri

7.  1880 United States Census and National Index (LDS Family History Resource File: CD-ROM Library):

Census Place: Princeton, Mercer, Missouri
Source: FHL Film 1254703; NARA Film T9-0703; Pg 70A
	Relation	Sex	Marr	Race	Age	Birthplace	Occupation	Fa	Mo
Mary J. THOMPSON	Wife	F	W	W	61	KY		VA	VA
Nancy M. THOMPSON	Dau	F	S	W	31	MO	Teaching	MO	KY
James A. THOMPSON	Son	M	S	W	28	MO	Circurt Clerk	MO	KY
George R. THOMPSON	Son	M	S	W	25	MO	Teaching School	MO	KY

The children's father was born in KY, not MO.

8.  Mrs. B.F. Hoover & Mrs. D. Hesler.  1965.  Middlebury Cemetery, Mercer County, MO (online at the Grundy County MOGenWeb site):

THOMPSON, Dr. I.D.

17 Sep 1856

38y, Mason; stone is down

9.  Betty Cogliati sent me a photocopy of a page of what appear to be will abstracts of Mercer Co., MO (if anyone knows the full citation for this source, please let me know what it is).  On p. 88:

THOMPSON, ISAAC D., died intestate.  Admrx., Mary Jane Thompson. Sec., Wm. Reid & John (J.A.C.) Thompson. 10 Nov 1865. (A78-79)

The settlement of Isaac's estate took years because Isaac had so much property and so many creditors, not because of conflicts among the family.

10.  LDS.  Family Search: Internet Genealogy Service:  IGI - International Genealogical Index (online at FamilySearch.org).