Either Thomas had an earlier wife, Rebecca, or Apollonia is "Apollonia Rebecca."

Apollonia is a Greek name (feminine form of Apollo) popular with Germans, which obviously no one in Carbon County could spell!

— born in Upper Towamensing [now Franklin] Twp., Carbon Co., PA:
  9.  Esther "Hettie" STRAUB, b. 1844/5
10.  Anna Elizabeth STRAUB, b. 22 Dec 1849; d. 18 Jan 1871
11.  William H. STRAUB, b. 8 Oct 1847; d. 18 Aug 1865

— born in Franklin Twp., Carbon Co., PA:
12.  Elena / Ellen STRAUB, b. 1850/1 or 1853/4
13.  Hiram STRAUB / STROUP, b. 1856
14.  Catharine STRAUB, b. 1857/8
15.  Aaron STRAUB, b. 1858/9

1a.  Marriage Record:

1b.  Church Record of the Towamensing Union Church in Monroe County, Pa. [really Carbon Co., near Palmerton] (online at the Schoeler Genealogy web site):

Parents	Child & Dates	Sponsors
Samuel Fley Maria	Methilda  2 Dec 1831 12 Feb 1832	Thomas Straub Sarah Beyer
Daniel Bloss Elis.	Belinda 21 Sep 1832 20 Nov 1832	Thomas Straub Susanna Buck
Thomas Straub Rebecka	Moses 31 Jul 1836 13 Nov 1836	The parents
Thomas Stroub Abelone	Jacob 25 Apr 1838 24 Jun 1838	Carl Bellford Anna
Thomas Straub Abboline	Rosina 11 Dec 1839  2 Feb 1840	Daniel Bloss Elis.
Peter Strohl Elis.	Thomas 19 Apr 1841 18 Jul 1841	Thomas Straub Rebecka Blossen

Anna (STRAUB) BELFORD is Thomas's sister.

2.  1830 Census Index and Digital Images (online at Ancestry.com):  not found.

3.  1840 Census Index and Digital Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #11 of 22; extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

1840

PA

Northampton [now Carbon] Co.

Towamensing Twp.

p. 253B

Ln. 4

Thos Straub

120 001 - 112 001

0100000

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
1 male	4 or under	1835-1840	= Jacob (b. 1838)
2 males	5-9	1830-1835	= Moses (b. 1836) = Samuel (b. 1833/4)
1 male	30-39	1800-1810	= Thomas (b. 1809)
1 female	4 or under	1835-1840	= Rosina (b. 1839)
1 female	5-9	1830-1835	= Daughter C
2 females	10-14	1825-1830	= Daughter B = Daughter A
1 female	30-39	1800-1810	= Apollonia (b. 1813?)
1	person engaged in manufactures and trades

Listed 12 lines after Emanuel STRAUB.

4.  1850 Census Index/Microfilm (online at GenealogyLibrary.com):  Upper Towamensing [now Franklin] Twp., Carbon Co., PA, p. 395A, 27/27, enumerated 18 Sep 1850 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Thomas Straup	40	M		Farmer	1000	Pa
Abigail	37	F				"
Samuel	16	M				"
Mosses	14	M				"
Jacob	12	M				"
Fraies	10	F				"
Salina	7	F				"
Easther	5	F				"
William	3	M				"
Ann	1	F				"

5.  1860 Census Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #31 of 43):  Franklin Twp., Carbon Co., PA, p. 30, PN 101, 713/229, enumerated 13 Jul 1860 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Thomas Straup	50	M			3000	400	Penna
Abelona	45	F					"
Saml	21	M				?00	"
Moses	20	M					"
Jacob	19	M					"
Rufina	18	F					"
Sabina	17	F					"
Hetty	15	F					"
Wm H	14	M					"
Eliz	13	F					"
Elena	6	F					"
Herain?	4	M					"
Cath	2	F					"
Aaron	1	M					"

Most of these ages don't jibe with 1850, but surely these are our subjects.

6.  1870 Census Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #44 of 48):  Parryville P.O., Franklin Twp., Carbon Co., PA, p. 84B, PN 44, 294/318, enumerated 14 Jul 1870 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Straub Thomas	60	M	W	Farmer	3500	1000	Pennsylvania
______ Abby	56	F	W	Keeping house			"
______ Elizabeth	23	F	W				"
______ Ellen	19	F	W				"
______ Catharine	17	F	W				"
______ Hiram	13	M	W				"
______ Aaron	9	M	W				"

Listed next to their son, Jacob STRAUB. 

7.  1880 United States Census and National Index (LDS Family History Resource File: CD-ROM Library):¤•

Census Place: Franklin, Carbon, Pennsylvania
Source: FHL Film 1255108; NARA Film T9-1108; Pg 495A
	Relation	Sex	Marr	Race	Age	Birthplace	Occupation	Fa	Mo
Abby STRAUB	Self	F	W	W	67	PA	Keeping House	PA	PA
Ellem STRAUB	Dau	F	S	W	29	PA		PA	PA
Aron STRAUB	Son	M	S	W	21	PA	Farmer	PA	PA
Emma HORN	DauL	F	S	W	11	PA	Servant	PA	PA
Oscar RADELINE	SonL	M	S	W	4	PA		PA	PA
Jane WAGNER	DauL	F	S	W	3	PA		PA	PA

All I can figure is that "Son/Dau-in-Law" was meant to indicated legally adopted children.

8.  1890 Census:  the 1890 Census Population Schedules were destroyed.

9a.  Tombstone Readings:  St. John's Church Cemetery, Freline Road, Palmerton, Carbon Co., Pa.  (no source given; link died):

Row 10... 10. William H Straub, son of Thomas and Abby Straub, Oct 8 1847, Aug 18 1865, 17-10-10 11. Thomas Stroub, Nov 13 1809, Jan 10 1871, 61-1-27; Abilona Stroub, Mar 1 1813, Jan 24 1896, 82-10-23

9b.  St. John's Union Church Cemetery (Old Towamensing Cemetery), Palmerton, PA (compiled by "Cindy G."; linked to Carbon County Cemeteries web site):

First	Last	Born	Died	Row/Stone	Notes
Thomas	Stroub	11/13/1809	01/10/1871	10 / 11
Abilona	Stroub	03/01/1813	01/24/1896	10 / 11
William	Straub	10/08/1847	08/18/1865	10 / 10	William H. son of Thomas and Abby Straub
Anna	Straub	12/22/1849	01/18/1871	13 / 11	Anna Elizabeth daughter of Thomas and Abby Straub
Ellen	Stroup	05/02/1851	10/26/1940	12 / 14

I'm not entirely convinced this Ellen is their daughter, but if so, she never married, but had at least one daughter, either adopted or out of wedlock.

10.  Archives of the STRAUB-L Mailing List (online at RootsWeb.com).

11.  Emails from Laura ORSETTI.