Our subject states in the 1900 census that he came to the U.S. in 1843, but surely this date is incorrect because his siblings state they came in 1847 and the latter date is more consistent with other sources.  ["Baptiste" is the French spelling of German/English "Baptist."]

1.  Jordan R. Dodd.  Marriage Index:  Michigan and Wisconsin, 1830-1900.  Liahona Research, Orem, UT (Broderbund CD-251):  not found.

2.  1850 Census:

3.  1860 Census Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #17 of 21):   London P.O., London Twp., Monroe Co., MI, p. 396, PN 92, 726/725, enumerated 29 Jun 1860 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

John B Stroup	25	M		Farmer	250	150	Germany
Eliza     "	22	F					NY
Elis      "	7	M					Mich

It says "7," but surely it is "1."

4.  1870 Census Index/Images (online at Genealogy.com, Image #13 of 26):  Monroe City P.O., London Twp., Monroe Co., MI, Roll 691 (Book 1), p. 354A, PN 13, 93/94, enumerated 15 Jul 1870 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Straub Baptiste	37	M	W	Farmer	1370	500	Baden
______ Eliza	31	F	W	Keeping house			New York
______ Ellis	10	M	W	At home			Michigan
______ Emma	8	F	W				"
______ Christine	5	F	W				"
______ William	3	M	W				"
______ Adele	1	F	W				"
______ Mary	68	F	W				Baden

Mary (METSCH) STRAUB is Baptiste's mother.  They are living next door to Baptiste's brother, John STRAUB, the younger, who is living next door to their brother, Philip STRAUB. 

5.  1880 United States Census and National Index (LDS Family History Resource File: CD-ROM Library):¤•

Census Place: Dundee, Monroe, Michigan
Source: FHL Film 1254595; NARA Film T9-0595; Pg 341D
	Relation	Sex	Marr	Race	Age	Birthplace	Occupation	Fa	Mo
John B. STRAUB	Self	M	M	W	46	GER	Farmer	GER	GER
Eliza STRAUB	Wife	F	M	W	41	NY	Keeping House	NY	NY
Ellis W. STRAUB	Son	M	S	W	20	MI	Working On Farm	GER	NY
Christina STRAUB	Dau	F	S	W	15	MI	Working Out	GER	NY
Willie STRAUB	Son	M	S	W	12	MI	At Home	GER	NY
Aallia STRAUB	Dau	F	S	W	10	MI	At School	GER	NY
Albert STRAUB	Son	M	S	W	8	MI	At School	GER	NY
Carrie STRAUB	Dau	F	S	W	6	MI	At School	GER	NY
David STRAUB	Son	M	S	W	4	MI	At Home	GER	NY
John STRAUB	Son	M	S	W	1	MI	At Home	GER	NY

I checked the page image online at Ancestry.com, and it does, indeed, say "Aallia."

6.  1890 Census:  the 1890 Census Population Schedules were destroyed.

7.  1900 Census Index/Microfilm (online at Genealogy.com, Image #):  London Twp., Monroe Co., MI, Roll 731 (Book 2), p. 190B, SN 5, SD 2, ED 74, enumerated 7 Jun 1900 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

1900:  for an explanation of the column headings, please see What the Numbers in the Federal Census Mean (missing columns contained no data).
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	22	23	24	25	27	28
101	102	Straub John B	Head	W	M	Sep 1833	66	M	42			Ger	Ger	Ger	1843	57	Na	?????	0	Y	Y	Y	R	F	118
		______ Eliza	Wife	W	F	Mar 1844	56	M	42	10	10	NY	NY	NY						Y	Y	Y

Eliza should be 61, not 56.  Confirmation that she's fibbing about her age (beyond the evidence of earlier censuses) is that, if she were 56, she would have married at 14.  It's pretty astounding to have had ten children with all surviving.  We only see nine by 1880, so she must have had one more child after John.

8.  WorldConnect / Ancestry World Trees (online at RootsWeb.com/Ancestry.com).

9.  Messages posted to the Kent County, Michigan, Board (online at Ancestry.com).

10.  Messages posted to the Monroe County, Michigan, Board (online at Ancestry.com).