Either Henry's age was wrong in the 1840 and 1850 censuses or it was wrong in the 1860, 1870, and 1880 censuses.  The latter is more likely.

— born in Upper Mahanoy Twp., Northumberland Co., PA:
8.  Elizabeth "Eliza" STRAUB, b. 11 Jun 1840
9.  Samuel STRAUB, b. 1842/3; d. 1860-70 — not the Samuel STRAUB (1836-1899) who married Hanna KLINGER

1.  LDS.  Family Search: Internet Genealogy Service:  IGI - International Genealogical Index (online at FamilySearch.org).

Christenings in the Zion Evangelical Lutheran And Evangelical Reformed Congregations, "Klinger's Church," Erdman, Lykens Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania; parish registers 1787-1874. Henrich STRAUB; Birth: 01 Oct 1825; Christening: 27 Nov 1825 Rebecka STRAUP; Birth: 23 Jun 1837; Christening: 08 Oct 1837 Elisabeth STRAUP; Birth: 11 Jun 1840; Christening: 12 Sep 1840 Father: Henrich STRAUB / Henry STRAUP; Mother: Catharina Source: Zion Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed Congregations, "Klinger's Church," Erdman, Lykens Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania; Parish Registers, 1787-1874. Weiser, Frederick S. Comment: "Klinger's Church was organized by 1787 as a union church of Lutheran and Reformed congregations in present-day Lykens Township at or near Erdman.  The union dissolved in 1968 when the Reformed merged into the Lutheran, now known as Zion Lutheran."

2.  1830 Census Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com):  can't find, and I really looked, including page-by-page searchs of Upper Mahonoy Twp., Northumberland Co., and in Dauphin Co., of Lykens and Upper Paxton Twps. and Gratztown.

3.  1840 Census Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #10-11 of 14; extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

1840

PA

Northumberland Co.

Upper Mahanoy Twp.

pp. 181B-182A

Ln. 26

Henry Stroup

020 000 100 - 201 101

0100000

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
2 males	5-9	1830-1835	= Son A = Joseph (b. 1831/2)
1 male	40-49	1790-1800	= Henry (b. 1793/4)
2 females	4 or under	1835-1840	= Rebecca (b. 1836/7)
1 female	10-14	1825-1830	= Daughter B
1 female	15-19	1820-1825	= Daughter A
1 female	30-39	1800-1810	= Catharine (b. 1802/3)
1	person employed in agriculture

Where are Henry II and Jacob?  Are they "working out"?

4.  1850 Census Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #22 of 31 — indexed "Shaub"):  Upper Mahanoy Twp., Northumberland Co., PA, p. 255A/527, 159/159, enumerated 5 Nov 1850, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1850 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Henry Straub	56	M		Laborer	500	Pa
Catharine "	47	F				Pa
Jacob     "	22	M		Farmer		Pa
Joseph    "	18	M		Laborer		Pa
Rebecca   "	13	F				Pa
Eliza     "	9	F				Pa
Samuel    "	7	M				Pa

5.  1860 Census Every-Name-Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com, Image #12 of 24):  "Tavern," Reabuck P.O., Jordan Twp., Northumberland Co., PA, Roll M653_1149, p. 245, PN 34, 233/233, enumerated 7 Jul 1860, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1860 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Henry Strob	56	M		Inn Keeper	1000	160	Penna
Catherine	57	F					"
Jacob	32	M		Laborer			"
Samuel	17	M		"			"
Daniel	14	M					"
Henry Clark	23	M		Laborer			"
Elias Trautman	28	M		Blacksmith			"
John     "	6	M					"
William Bowmen	22	M		Laborer			"

Where was Daniel in 1850?  It's doubtful he's their son.  Listed next to George STARR (æ 56, b. PA, wife Elizabeth), who is next to Isaac STARR (æ 25, b. PA, wife Rebecca).

6.  1870 Census Every-Name-Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com, Image #12 of 24):  Paxinos P.O., Jordan Twp., Northumberland Co., PA, Roll M593_1384, p. 211B, PN 12, 80/85, enumerated 23 Aug 1870, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1870 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Straub Jacob	39	M	W	Farmer	1500	800	Pennsylvania
______ Rebecca	32	F	W	(Sister) Keepg House			"
______ Elizbeth	30	F	W				"
______ Henry	68	M	W				"
______ Kate	69	F	W				"
Williams Cyrus	3	M	W				"
Starr Isaac	1	M	W				"

Son Samuel is not found, anywhere, so is presumed deceased (possibly killed in Civil War).

7.  1880 Census Every-Name-Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com, Image #19 of 20):  Jordan Twp., Northumberland Co., PA, Roll T9_1164, p. 236C, PN 19, SD 3, ED 152, enumerated 18 Jun 1880, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1880 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

1880:  for an explanation of the column headings, please see What the Numbers in the Federal Census Mean (missing columns contained no data).

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10

11

13

21

22

23

24

25

26

160

183

Bush Elias

W

M

53

/

Farmer

PA

PA

PA

____ Salley

W

F

58

Wife

/

Keeping house

/

/

PA

PA

PA

____ Elias

W

M

16

Son

/

Farm Labor

/

PA

PA

PA

Bush Franklin

W

M

20

Nephew

/

Farm Labor

/

"

"

"

Henry Stroup

W

M

80

Boarder

/

Pauper

/

/

"

"

"

8.  Email from Merle Fetter, Vicki R. Straub.