1.  Marriage Record:

2.  HADIS: Hessisches Archiv-Dokumentations-und Informations-System: Hessisches Staatsarchive Darmstadt (HStAD): Auswanderer-Nachweise (R 21 B) (online at www.hadis.hessen.de):

NACHWEIS Straub, Friedrich, Herkunft: Crainfeld. - Auswanderungsdatum: 1839-04 / Ziel: Amerika, USA. Quelle: Auswandererkartei Walter Möller 1839

NACHWEIS Straub, Friedrich, Herkunft: Crainfeld. - Auswanderungsdatum: 1839-04 / Ziel: Amerika, USA. Quelle: Auswandererkartei Walter Möller 1839

NACHWEIS Straub, Friedrich, Herkunft: Crainfeld. - Auswanderungsdatum: 1839-08-19 / Ziel: unbekannt. Quelle: G 15 Büdingen Q 34 1839 Nr. 11

NACHWEIS Straub, Friedrich, Herkunft: Crainfeld. - Auswanderungsdatum: 1839-08-19 / Ziel: unbekannt. Quelle: G 15 Büdingen Q 34 1839 Nr. 11 1839

Translations using Google language tool:  NACHWEIS = proof; Herkunft = origin; Auswanderungsdatum = emigration date; ziel = target; ubekannt = unknown; Quelle = source; Auswandererkartei = emigrants card. Büdingen is a town in Wetteraukreis, Darmstadt, Hesse.

We know for certain that one Friedrich STRAUBs of Crainfeld arrived in New Orleans, LA, on 11 Dec 1839.  Could the other one be our subject?

3.  1840 Census Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com):  not found.

4.  1850 Census Every-Name-Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com, Image #81 of 96):  City of Pittsburgh (Ward 2), Allegheny Co., PA, Roll M432_745, p. 92A, 393/424, enumerated 3 Sep 1850, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1850 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Frederick Straub	33	M		Cooper	$3000	Germany
Mary         "	30	F				"
Mary         "	7	F				Pa
Alfred       "	4	M				"
Elizabeth    "	4	F				"
Henry Schuckman	20	M		Cooper		Germany

5.  1860 Census Every-Name-Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com, Image #209-210 of 217):  Perrysville P.O., Allegheny City (Ward 3) [now Pittsburg], Allegheny Co., PA, Roll M653_1067, pp. 1100-1101, PN 254-255, enumerated 21 Jul 1860, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1860 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

1860:  for an explanation of the column headings, please see What the Numbers in the Federal Census Mean (missing columns contained no data).
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1984	2026	Frederick Staud	40	M		Brewer		25	Darmstadt				Insane Unknown
		Mary        "	37	F					"
[next page]
1984	2026	Mary Staub	17	F					Pa
		Albert   "	13	M					"
		Elizabeth "	13	F					"
		Anne      "	9	F					"
		Unknown   "	3	M					"

6a.  1870 Census Every-Name-Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com):  can't find.

6b.  1870 Census Every-Name-Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com, Image #84 of 258):  Allegheny P.O., Allegheny (Ward 4), Allegheny Co., PA, Roll M593_1291, p. 374B, PN 84, 523/585, enumerated 14 Jun 1870, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1870 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):¤•

Fischer Jos	55	M	W	Brewer	10,000	500	France
"    Margt	55	F	W	Keep House			"
"    Wm	20	M	W	Clk			Pa
Straub Anna	20	F	W				"

Listed two pages from John & Catharine FAUST, whose son, William Henry FAUST, later married Anna. 

7.  Messages posted to the Straub Family Genealogy Forum (online at GenForum.com).

8.  Messages posted to the Hesse, Germany, Forum (online at GenForum.com).