Is William really their son?  That's stretching Martha's fecundity to the limit.
12.  William R. THOMPSON, b. 1843/4

1.  Marriage Record: 

2.  U.S. Census, 1830 (extracted by A. Robert Matthiesen; see 1830 Table): 

1830

Thompson, Roger

KY

Christian Co.

p. 32

002 000 100 - 221 101 000

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
2 males	10-14	1815-1820	= Son B = Son A
1 male	40-49	1780-1790	= Roger (b. 1790)
2 females	4 or under	1825-1830	= Jane (b. 1828/9) = Daughter D
2 females	5-9	1820-1825	= Daughter C = Martha Jane (b. 1823)
1 female	10-14	1815-1820	= Daughter B
1 female	15-19	1810-1815	= Daughter A
1 female	30-39	1790-1800	= Martha (b. 1795/6)

This is the only Roger THOMPSON / THOMSON / THOMAS indexed in Kentucky.

3.  1840 Census Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com, Image #37 of 94 — image missing; online at Genealogy.com, Image 39 of ??; extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

1840

KY

Christian Co.

Roll 107

pp. 209B-210A

Ln. 19

Roger Thompson

010 010 010 - 112 310 100

000000-210100

0300000

These data indicate:

No. & Sex	Age Class	Therefore Born	Individuals Inferred
1 white male	5-9	1830-1835	= Asa (b. 1830/1)
1 white male	20-29	1810-1820	= Son A or B
1 white male	50-59	1780-1790	= Roger (b. 1790)
1 white female	4 or under	1835-1840	= Daughter E
1 white female	5-9	1830-1835	= Julia (b. 1832/3)
2 white females	10-14	1825-1830	= Jane (b. 1828/9)
3 white females	15-19	1820-1825	= Daughter C or D = Martha Jane (b. 1823) = Daughter B or C
1 white female	20-29	1810-1820	= Daughter A or B
1 white female	40-49	1790-1800	= Martha (b. 1795/6)
2 female slaves	9 or under	1830-1840	= ? ?
1 female slave	10-23	1816-1830	= ?
1 female slave	36-54	1785-1804	= ?
3	persons employed in agriculture

He is the only Roger THOMPSON / THOMSON / THOMAS indexed in Kentucky.

4a.  1850 Census Every-Name-Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com; Image #123 of 137 — image missing; online at Genealogy.com, Image #123 of 138):  District No. 1, Christian Co., KY, Roll M432_196, p. 491A, 860/924, enumerated 14 Oct 1850, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1850 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

Roger Thompson	60	M		Farmer	1000	Va
Martha K Thompson	54	F				Va
Jane Q Thompson	21	F				Ky
Julia H Thompson	17	F				Ky
Wm R Thompson	6	M				Ky

4b.   1850 Census Index/Microfilm (online at GenealogyLibrary.com):  District 1, Christian Co., KY, 795/835, p. 486, enumerated 4 Oct 1850 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

Geo O Thompson	44	M	Cabinet Maker	6000	Ky
Martha J Thompson	27	F			Va
Jas J Thompson	14	M			Ky
Betty A Thompson	12	F			Ky
Ellen I Thompson	10	F			Ky
Chas A Thompson	8	M			Ky
Asa C Thomson	19	M	Cabinet Maker		Ky
Geo Martin	19	M	"      "		Ky

The census-taker appears to have gotten the birthplaces of George and Martha switched.  Asa is presumably Martha's brother.

5.  1860 Census Every-Name-Index/Images (online at Ancestry.com, Image #7 of 267):  Hopkinsville P.O., Christian Co., KY, Roll M653_352, p. 511, PN 7, 45/45, enumerated 22 Aug 1860, official enumeration date 1 Jun 1860 (extracted by Diana Gale Matthiesen):

Roger Thomson	70	M		Farmer	1000	9000	Va
Martha K Thomson	65	F					Va
Jane O Thomson	30	F					Ky
Julia Thomson	27	F					Ky
Wm R J? K Thomson	16	M					Ky

Listed two households from Henry HOPSON (æ 77, b. VA, wife Betsy).

6.  LDS.  Family Search: Internet Genealogy Service:  IGI - International Genealogical Index (online at FamilySearch.org).

Martha THOMSON Born: Abt. 1810, of Hopkinsville, Christian, Kentucky Father: Roger THOMSON; Mother: Martha A. Source: patron submission

7.  William Henry Perrin, ed.  1884.  County of Christian, Kentucky: Historical and Biographical.  F.A. Battey Publ. Co., Chicago.

p. 172	Among others who were at the Battle of New Orleans [War of 1812] may be mentioned... Roger Thompson, father-in-law to Mr. George O. Thompson of Hopkinsville.
pp. 420- 421	A biographical sketch of George O. Thompson.  Martha "Thomson," daughter of Roger "Thomson," was George's second wife. [DGM]

8.  Email from V.A. Thomson.